Marshall Plan - Wikipedia. Marshall Plan. Other short titles. Foreign Assistance Act of 1. Long title. An Act to promote world peace and the general welfare, national interest, and foreign policy of the United States through economic, financial, and other measures necessary to the maintenance of conditions abroad in which free institutions may survive and consistent with the maintenance of the strength and stability of the United States. Enacted bythe 8. 0th United States Congress. Effective. June 3, 1.

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Citations. Public law. Statutes at Large. Stat. 1. 37. Legislative history. Watch Dead 7 Online Metacritic.

Introduced in the Senateas S. Passed the Senate on March 1. Passed the House on March 3. Reported by the joint conference committee on April 1, 1. House on April 2, 1.

Senate on April 2, 1. Signed into law by President Harry S. Truman on April 3, 1. The labelling used on aid packages created and sent under the Marshall Plan. George C. Marshall, pictured here as a General of the Army before he became the U. S. Secretary of State. It was during his term as Secretary of State that he planned, campaigned for and carried out the Marshall Plan.

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The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $1. October 2. 01. 7) in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning on April 8, 1. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war- devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous once more, and prevent the spread of communism.[2] The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers, a dropping of many regulations, and encouraged an increase in productivity, labour union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.[3]The Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states roughly on a per capita basis. Watch Hearts Of Darkness: A Filmmaker`S Apocalypse Tube Free. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. Somewhat more aid per capita was also directed towards the Allied nations, with less for those that had been part of the Axis or remained neutral. The largest recipient of Marshall Plan money was the United Kingdom (receiving about 2.

France (1. 8%) and West Germany (1. Some 1. 8 European countries received Plan benefits.[4] Although offered participation, the Soviet Union refused Plan benefits, and also blocked benefits to Eastern Bloc countries, such as East Germany and Poland.

The United States provided similar aid programs in Asia, but they were not part of the Marshall Plan. The initiative was named after United States Secretary of State. George Marshall, who served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during WWII. The plan had bipartisan support in Washington, where the Republicans controlled Congress and the Democrats controlled the White House with Harry S. Truman as president. Watch Grey`S Anatomy Season Finale.

The Plan was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F.

Kennan, with help from the Brookings Institution, as requested by Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.[5] Marshall spoke of an urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1. The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to aid in the economic recovery of nations after WWII and to reduce the influence of communist parties within them. In order to combat the effects of the Marshall Plan, the USSR developed its own economic plan, known as the Molotov Plan.

It was not as effective as the Marshall Plan, and in some ways contradictory to Eastern Bloc countries that served alongside the Axis powers in WWII.[6]The phrase "equivalent of the Marshall Plan" is often used to describe a proposed large- scale economic rescue program.[7]Development and deployment[edit]The reconstruction plan, developed at a meeting of the participating European states, was drafted on June 5, 1. It offered the same aid to the Soviet Union and its allies, but they refused to accept it,[8][9] as doing so would allow a degree of US control over the communist economies.[1.

In fact, the Soviet Union prevented its satellite states (i. East Germany, Poland, etc.) from accepting. Secretary Marshall became convinced Stalin had no interest in helping restore economic health in Western Europe.[1. European Recovery Program expenditures by country. President Harry Truman signed the Marshall Plan on April 3, 1. European nations.

During the four years the plan was in effect, the United States donated $1. European countries that joined the Organisation for European Economic Co- operation. The $1. 7 billion was in the context of a US GDP of $2. American aid to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Plan that is counted separately from the Marshall Plan.[1. The Marshall Plan was replaced by the Mutual Security Plan at the end of 1. The ERP addressed each of the obstacles to postwar recovery.

The plan looked to the future, and did not focus on the destruction caused by the war. Much more important were efforts to modernize European industrial and business practices using high- efficiency American models, reducing artificial trade barriers, and instilling a sense of hope and self- reliance.[1.

By 1. 95. 2, as the funding ended, the economy of every participant state had surpassed pre- war levels; for all Marshall Plan recipients, output in 1. Over the next two decades, Western Europe enjoyed unprecedented growth and prosperity, but economists are not sure what proportion was due directly to the ERP, what proportion indirectly, and how much would have happened without it.

A common American interpretation of the program's role in European recovery was expressed by Paul Hoffman, head of the Economic Cooperation Administration, in 1. Congress Marshall aid had provided the "critical margin" on which other investment needed for European recovery depended.[1. The Marshall Plan was one of the first elements of European integration, as it erased trade barriers and set up institutions to coordinate the economy on a continental level—that is, it stimulated the total political reconstruction of western Europe.[1. Belgian economic historian Herman Van der Wee concludes the Marshall Plan was a "great success": It gave a new impetus to reconstruction in Western Europe and made a decisive contribution to the renewal of the transport system, the modernization of industrial and agricultural equipment, the resumption of normal production, the raising of productivity, and the facilitating of intra- European trade.[1. Wartime destruction[edit]. Bombed and burned- out buildings in Nuremberg, 1.

By the end of World War II, much of Europe was devastated. Sustained aerial bombardment during the war had badly damaged most major cities, and industrial facilities were especially hard- hit.[1. The region's trade flows had been thoroughly disrupted; millions were in refugee camps living on aid from United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and other agencies. Food shortages were severe, especially in the harsh winter of 1.

From July 1. 94. 5 through June 1. United States shipped 1. Europe and Japan. It amounted to one- sixth of the American food supply, and provided 3. Especially damaged was transportation infrastructure, as railways, bridges, and docks had been specifically targeted by airstrikes, while much merchant shipping had been sunk.

Although most small towns and villages had not suffered as much damage, the destruction of transportation left them economically isolated. None of these problems could be easily remedied, as most nations engaged in the war had exhausted their treasuries in the process.[2. The only major powers whose infrastructure had not been significantly harmed in World War II were the United States and Canada.

Watch Nosferatu, the Seminal Vampire Film, Free Online (1. What, you haven't seen Nosferatu yet?

But you're in luck: not only do you still have a few days left to fit this seminal classic of vampiric cinema into your Halloween viewing rotation, but when the 3. An inspiration for countless vampire films that would follow over the next ninety years, F. W. Murnau's 1. 92.

Bram Stoker's Dracula, but just loosely enough so that it could put its own stamp on the myth and not actually have to pay for rights to the novel. Jonathan and Mina Harker? Now Thomas and Ellen Hutter. Jonathan's boss Renfield? Now a fellow named Knock.

Count Dracula, to whose vast and crumbling estate Renfield sends the hapless Jonathan? Now Count Orlok — and unforgettably so. We can post no more relevant endorsement of Nosferatu's enduring value than to say that it remains scary, or at least eerie, to this day.

I defy any sophisticated modern viewer to spend All Hallows' eve with this picture and not come away feeling faintly unsettled. Part of it has to do with sheer age: while some visual effects haven't held up — get a load of Orlok escaping his coffin in the ship's cargo hold, employing a technique trusted by every nine- year- old with a video camera — the deeply worn look and feel seems, at moments, to mark the film as coming from a distant past when aristocratic blood- sucking living corpses may as well have existed. This same process has, over four decades, imbued with a patina of menace every horror film made in the seventies. Fans of the 1. 97. Werner Herzog- Klaus Kinski collaboration. Nosferatu the Vampyre, a companion piece obviously worth viewing in any case, can attest to this.

You might also consider incorporating in your Halloween night viewing E. Elias Merhige's Shadow of the Vampire, a satire of the 1. Orlok as having been played by a geniune vampire. As for Francis Ford Coppola's rights- having 1. Bram Stoker's Dracula.. Gary Oldman's hairstyle. You can always find Nosferatu on our list of Great Silent Films, part of our larger collection, 1,1.

Free Movies Online: Great Classics, Indies, Noir, Westerns, etc. Related content: Fritz Lang’s Metropolis: Uncut & Restored. Where Horror Film Began: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. Colin Marshall hosts and produces Notebook on Cities and Culture. Follow him on Twitter at @colinmarshall.